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The 2007 pet food recalls comprise the contamination and wide recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007 and the ensuing developments involving the human food supply. The recalls in North America, Europe, and South Africa came in response to reports of renal failure in pets. Initially the recalls were associated with the consumption of mostly wet pet foods made with wheat gluten from a single Chinese company. After more than three weeks of complaints from consumers, the recall began voluntarily with the Canadian company Menu Foods on March 16 2007, when a company test showed sickness and death in some of the test animals. Soon after, there were numerous media reports of animal deaths as a result of kidney failure. In the following weeks, several other companies who received the contaminated wheat gluten also voluntarily recalled dozens of pet food brands. One month after the initial recall, contaminated rice protein from a different source in China was also identified as being associated with kidney failure in pets in the United States, while contaminated corn gluten was associated with kidney failure with pets in South Africa. As a result of investigating the 2007 pet food recalls a broader Chinese protein export contamination investigation unfolded, raising concerns about the safety of the human food supply.
By the end of March, veterinary organizations reported more than 100 pet deaths amongst nearly 500 cases of kidney failure,Associated Press. "104 Deaths Reported in Pet Food Recall", New York Times, March 28 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. with one online database self-reporting as many as 3,600 deaths as of April 11.Pet Connection Food Recall Index. Retrieved on 2007-04-11."Vets Say Kidney Failure Up in Cats", New York Times, April 10 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has received reports of several thousand cats and dogs who have died after eating contaminated food, but have only confirmed 14 cases in part because there is no centralized government records database of animal sickness or death in the United States as there are with humans (such as the Centers for Disease Control).FDA limits Chinese food additive imports, Elizabeth Weise and Julie Schmit, April 30 2007, USA Today, Accessed: 2007-05-01 FDA Pet Food Recall Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. As a result, many sources speculate that the actual number of affected pets may never be known and experts are concerned that the actual death toll could potentially reach into the thousands.Senator calls FDA \'tragically slow\' on pet food recall. CNN (April 6 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-06."Doctors Caution Thousands More Pet Deaths Expected", ABC News, March 23 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-23.
Overall, several major companies have recalled more than 5300 pet food products, with most of the recalls coming from Menu Foods. Although there are several theories of the source of the agent causing sickness in affected animals, with extensive government and private testing and forensic research, to date, no definitive cause has been isolated. As of April 10, the most likely cause, according to the FDA, though not yet proven, is contamination indicated by the presence of melamine in the ingredients of the affected foods. The Chinese company behind the contaminated wheat gluten has initially denied any involvement in the contamination, but is cooperating with Chinese and American investigators.
In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the recall. There has been widespread public outrage and calls for government regulation of pet foods, which had previously been self-regulated by pet food manufacturers. The United States Senate held an oversight hearing on the matter by April 12. Delgado, Benna. "UPDATE: Pet Food Recall Controversy Headed to U. S. Senate", CaribJournal.com, April 9 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods alone losing at least $42 million from the recall even without taking into account reduced sales."Menu Foods details costs of pet food recall", Reuters, May 30, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-0605. There have been several waves of recalls, many issued late on Friday evenings possibly to avoid media coverage, and the events have caused distrust in some consumers.Petconnection Blog. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
Reports of widespread and possibly intentional adulteration of Chinese animal feed with melamine have raised the issue of melamine contamination in the human food supply both in China and abroad.David Barboza and Alexei Barrionuevo. "Filler in Animal Feed Is Open Secret in China", The New York Times, April 30 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. On April 27 US FDA subjected all vegetable proteins imported from China, intended for human or animal consumption, to detention without physical examination, including: Wheat Gluten, Rice Gluten, Rice Protein, Rice Protein Concentrate, Corn Gluten, Corn Gluten Meal, Corn By-Products, Soy Protein, Soy Gluten, Proteins (includes amino acids and protein hydrosylates), and Mung Bean Protein.IMPORT ALERT #99-29, "DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF ALL VEGETABLE PROTEIN PRODUCTS FROM CHINA FOR ANIMAL OR HUMAN FOOD USE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF MELAMINE AND/OR MELAMINE ANALOGS". FDA (April 27 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-01. In a teleconference with reporters on May 1, officials from the FDA and U.S. Department of Agriculture said that between 2.5 and 3 million people in the United States had consumed chickens that had consumed feed containing contaminated vegetable protein from China."Feds: Millions have eaten chickens fed tainted pet food", CNN, May 2 2007. Retrieved on 2007-0502.
Current research has focused on the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in causing renal failure. Reports that cyanuric acid may be an independently and potentially widely used adulterant in China have heightened concerns for both pet and human health.Barboza, David. "Second chemical eyed in Chinese pet food scandal", New York Times, May 8 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
As of May 7, United States food safety officials stated: "There is very low risk to human health from consuming meat from hogs and chickens known to have been fed animal feed supplemented with pet food scraps that contained melamine and melamine-related compounds"FDA/USDA Joint News Release: Scientists Conclude Very Low Risk to Humans from Food Containing Melamine. USDA and FDA (May 7 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
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The first recalls were announced by Menu Foods late on Friday, March 16, 2007 for cat and dog food products in the United States. In the ensuing months, many additional recalls were announced by Menu and other companies as the recall expanded throughout North America and to Europe and South Africa. Menu Foods acknowledges receiving the first complaints of sick pets on February 20, 2007 and initiated the recall following unexpected deaths after a regularly-scheduled internal "taste test".Sage, Alexandria. "Pet deaths expected to rise despite recall: FDA", Reuters, Canada, March 19, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
The recalls are related to contaminated vegetable proteins imported from China in 2006 and early 2007 and used as pet food ingredients. The process of identifying and accounting for the source of the contamination and how the contaminant causes sickness is ongoing.Swaminathan, Nikhil. "Special Report: The Poisoning of Our Pets - Scientists and government agencies home in on the cause of more than 100 pet deaths from tainted food", Scientific American, March 28 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. "Lab Gets New Attention in Pet Food Case", Washington Post, April 1 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
Pet food is a US$38 billion industry.
The majority of recalled foods have come from a single company, Menu Foods of Streetsville, Ontario. Menu Foods\' recalled products alone represent nearly 100 brands of cat and dog food, and as of April 11 are the only brands known to have caused sickness in animals. Below is an overview of affected brands, as provided by the FDA and the companies:
Natural Balance Pet Foods, Inc. Issues A Voluntary Nationwide Recall on Specific Venison Dog & Cat Food Products (April 17 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
Voluntary Recall of Spa Select Kitten Dry Food. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. All canned and biscuit products,Blue Buffalo Recalls Can and Biscuit Products Due To Tampering By American Nutrition Inc.. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
Pet Food Recalls. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
Pet Food Recall Notice Updates. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/oc/po/firmrecalls/chenango05_07.html |title=Chenango Valley Pet Foods Expands Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Certain Pet Foods |date=May 17, [[2007] |accessdate=2007-05-24}}
Costo pulls product. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
Diamond Pet Foods has announced it is withdrawing a limited number of canned products manufactured by American Nutrition. Retrieved on 2007-04-26.Nutra Nuggets Recall Press Release (May 23, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) maintains a combined list of all recalled pet food varieties.Pet food products recalled because of potentially contaminated wheat gluten. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
By the end of March, veterinary organizations reported more than 100 pet deaths amongst nearly 500 cases of kidney failureAssociated Press. "104 Deaths Reported in Pet Food Recall", New York Times, March 28 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. , and experts expected the death toll to number in the thousands, with one online database already self-reporting as many as 3,600 deaths as of April 11."Doctors Caution Thousands More Pet Deaths Expected", ABC News, March 23 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-23. Pet Connection Food Recall Index. Retrieved on 2007-04-11."Vets Say Kidney Failure Up in Cats", New York Times, April 10 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has received reports of approximately 8500 animal deaths, including at least 1950 cats and 2200 dogs who have died after eating contaminated food, but have only confirmed 14 cases in part because there is no centralized government records database of animal sickness or death in the United States as there are with humans (such as the Centers for Disease Control).Heavey, Susan. "U.S. pet food recall widens amid cross-contamination", Reuters, May 4 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. FDA limits Chinese food additive imports, Elizabeth Weise and Julie Schmit, April 30 2007, USA Today, Accesed: 2007-05-01 FDA Pet Food Recall Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. For this reason, many sources speculate that the full extent of the pet deaths and sicknesses caused by the contamination may never be known.Senator calls FDA \'tragically slow\' on pet food recall. CNN (April 6 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-06. In October, the results of the "AAVLD survey of pet food-induced nephrotoxicity in North America, April to June 2007," were reported, indicating that 347 of 486 cases voluntarily reported by June 6, 2007 had met the diagnostic criteria, with most of the cases reported from the United States but also including cases of 20 dogs and 7 cats reported from Canada. The cases involved 235 cats and 112 dogs, with 61 percent of the cats and 74 percent of the dogs having died. Dr. Barbara Powers, AAVLD president and director of the Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, said the survey probably found only a percentage of the actual cases. She also said the mortality rate is not likely to be representative of all cases, because survey respondents had more information to submit for animals that had died.Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinarian Laboratory Diagnosticians 50th Annual Conference. AAVLD (October 2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-30.Researchers examine contaminants in food, deaths of pets. AVMA (November 2007). Retrieved on 2007-11-30.Culprit in pet food deaths may be combination of contaminants. Michigan State University (December 7 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-07.U.S. study ties 27 pet illnesses and deaths in Canada to pet food recall. The Canadian Press (December 27 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-28. Dr. Powers elaborated further: “But there absolutely could be more deaths from the tainted pet food.... This survey didn’t catch all the deaths that happened. In order to be counted in our survey, you had to meet certain criteria.... If someone had a pet that died and they buried it in their back[yard], they weren’t eligible for our survey. We had to have confirmed exposure to the recalled pet food, proof of toxicity, and clinical signs of renal failure. So this is only a percentage of the deaths that are out there. There’s no way to guess how many pets were affected.” Wade McCormick, Lisa. "Veterinarians Solve Pet Food Death Puzzle", Consumer Affairs, December 1 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-01.
In a potentially related incident in China, on February 22 2006, Xinhua reported at least 38 cats dying shortly after being fed with Xiduoyu, a brand of a "Tianjin-based cat food manufacturer". A veterinarian referred to in the story said "test results from Beijing Animal Hospital showed the dead cats had suffered from kidney exhaustion and that the sick ones have kidney damage." Suspicions at that time focused on lead poisoning though Gu Junhua, a chief engineer from China\'s "national feedstuff quality check centre under the Ministry of Agriculture", was reported as saying: "But at present, he said it was difficult to draw any conclusions because the country has not drafted any food safety criteria for pets in terms of the quality and quantity of each element of the ingredients." No mention of melamine was made."Cat deaths prompt concern over food\'s safety", Xinhua, February 22 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
One veterinary hospital chain has reported a 30% increase in kidney failure in cats.
Pet owners were advised to monitor their animals for the following signs of possible kidney failure that may be associated with the unknown toxicant: loss of appetite, lethargy, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, sudden changes in water consumption, and changes in the frequency or amount of urination. It was advised that pets exhibiting these symptoms should be taken for veterinary care as soon as possible, even if the animal did not eat any of the recalled pet food, as these signs may be indicative of other illnesses.Patricia Martell, Maggie Hopf and Lindsay Hamilton. "Pet Food Recall Grows Along with Owner Worry", ABCNews.com, March 18 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-22. Menu Foods recall Frequently asked questions. American Veterinary Medical Association (April 2 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-02. Ultrasounds of animals who have eaten the contaminated food in most cases show cortical echogenicity, perirenal fluid and pyelectasia.Pet food recall due to nephrotoxic Aminopterin - preliminary ultrasound findings in dogs and cats (March 23 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
One of the largest veterinary hospital chains in the U.S., Banfield clinics, has released statistics on the recent rates of pet kidney failure. Banfield\'s veterinarians treat an estimated 6 percent of the nation\'s cats and dogs, and their findings provide "the most authoritative picture of the harm done by the tainted cat and dog food," according to the FDA. Based on analysis of data collected by more than 600 hospitals and clinics in 43 states, out of every 10,000 cats and dogs seen in Banfield clinics, three developed kidney failure during the time pet food contaminated with melamine was on the market. They reported 284 more cases of kidney failure in cats than the expected "background rate," corresponding to a 30 percent increase. During that period the Banfield vets saw 100,000 cats. According to Hugh Lewis, who analyzed the results for Banfield, extrapolating to the United States cat population may mean "several hundred cats a week across the country" were affected. No similar statistically-significant increase was seen among dogs, suggesting that the contamination was more toxic to cats.Elizabeth Weise and Julie Schmit (March 26 2007). Pet food maker to pay for vet bills. USA Today. Retrieved on 2007-04-15.Kidney failure in cats up 30 percent during tainted pet food sales, vet chain says. Associated Press (April 10 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-15.
As of May 4 The FDA advised: "If your pet food is not listed [as recalled on its website], the pet food is not affected by the recall and you can continue to feed it to your pets; however, if your pet exhibits a sudden on-set of symptoms including loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, stop feeding the pet food and contact your veterinarian."
The growing number of recalls has motivated at least one well-known animal protection organization, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) to recommend that "until this crisis is resolved ... pets be fed products containing U. S.-sourced protein supplements only."As Pet Food Recall Expands, ASPCA Warns Crisis Not Over: More Cases May Be Seen. ASPCA (May 3 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-04.
Many non-profit pet shelters rely on donated foods to feed the animals and remain financially stable. But due to the wide use of wheat gluten and other contaminated ingredients in many wet pet foods and the large portion of foods represented in the recall, many pet shelters have had to discard foods despite the financial burden of doing so.Abbey, Tamara. "Pet food recall causes extra work at pet shelters", Illinois News Tribune, April 09 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. Trax Page, Margie. "Pet food recall slams local shelter - APL strikes deal to provide safe, quality food for animals", Star Beacon, April 9 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
Unable to locate the source of the renal failure exhibited by test subjects that consumed some of their wet food products, Menu Foods sent food samples to Cornell University between March 13 and March 15 for chemical analysis. They too, were not immediately able to pinpoint the cause of the sicknesses, so they sent samples to the New York State Food Laboratory, a part of the federally funded Food Emergency Response Network.
On March 23, the New York State Food Laboratory reported that aminopterin was found in samples sent to them by Cornell. Michigan State University also investigated the source of the renal failure and made available to researchers and veterinarians pictures and photographs of affected animal kidneys "demonstrating acute tubular necrosis in the kidney with intratubular crystals." Preliminary findings in a case of suspected toxicity associate with recalled pet food. Michigan State University. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. Aminopterin was widely described in news reports as a "rat poison" though that assertion may be based upon a hypothetical use listed in the 1951 patent application and not upon the actual use of the chemical. No Aminopterin in Tissues of Animals Killed by Recalled Pet Food. PRNewsWire (March 30 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-14. Aminopterin is illegal in ChinaChemNutra TimeLine of Events Related to Pet Food Recalls. ChemNutra (April 12 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-14. and neither Cornell University nor the FDA could replicate the New York lab\'s results. On March 27, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals reported that symptoms described in affected animals are not "fully consistent with the ingestion of rat poison containing aminopterin."ASPCA Press Release: ASPCA Advises Caution As Pet Food Recall Crisis Grows - Other Contaminants May Be Involved in the Menu Foods Recall. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
Sometime in mid-March, an "unnamed pet food company" reported to Cornell that they had discovered an industrial chemical utilized in plastics manufacture, melamine, in internal testing of wheat gluten samples. By March 21, it became clear that the common factor was in the wheat gluten used to thicken the gravy in the "cuts and gravy" style wet foods. By March 27, Cornell had confirmed the presence of melamine in the originally recalled pet foods, the wheat gluten used in their manufacture, the cells of the dead pets, and in the urine samples from dead and sick pets.Pet food recall: Cornell vet school dean at FDA press conference. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. On March 30, both Cornell and the FDA announced that the presence of melamine had been confirmed..Weise, Elizabeth. "Nestlé Purina, Hills join pet food recall", USA Today, March 30 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. The chemical was found in the suspected wheat gluten in raw concentrations as high as 6.6 percent. Stephen Sundlof, the FDA\'s chief veterinarian said, "There was a sizable amount of melamine. You could see crystals in the wheat gluten."Associated Press. "Tainted pet food a bigger risk to cats than dogs - Felines more sensitive to toxic chemical found in recalled food, FDA says", MSNBC, April 1 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
In addition to wheat gluten, products containing rice protein have also been contaminated with melamine. Natural Balance Pet Foods recalled two products on April 16 due to kidney damage associated with melamine contamination despite the products not containing wheat gluten.Schmit, Julie. "Premium pet food company recalls dry foods", USA Today, April 17 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. Melamine has also been implicated in corn gluten in South Africa. Mawson, Nicola. "South Africa: No More Chinese Take-Aways for SA Pets", Business Day (Johannesburg), April 20 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
Despite the presence of the industrial chemical in both the food and in the animals, the FDA has made it clear that they are still in the middle of an extensive investigation, and "not yet fully certain that melamine is the causative agent."
Melamine molecule, C3H6N6 — 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine.
Prior animal studies have shown that ingestion of melamine may lead to kidney stones, cancer or reproductive damage.Centers for Disease Control International Chemical Safety CardMSDSOSHA Figures – Chemical sampling information One 1945 study suggested the chemical increased urine output when fed to dogs in large amounts. The chemical is known to have a very low toxicity in rodents. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) knows of no studies of melamine involving felines and, if melamine is responsible, the increased sensitivity of cats is a mystery to officials. One hypothesis is that the poisoned cat foods might have higher concentrations of melamine than the dog foods. Melamine can be detected in blood or urine tests.
Stephen Sundlof, director of the FDA\'s Center for Veterinary Medicine, says "Melamine is not very toxic as a chemical, so we\'re wondering why we are seeing the kinds of serious conditions, especially the kidney failure, that we\'re seeing in cats and dogs... We are focusing on the melamine right now because we believe that, even if melamine is not the causative agent, it is somehow associated with the causative agent, so it serves as a marker". Even at the highest observed concentrations found in wheat gluten, the melamine exposure is much smaller than the rat and mouse doses for which effects were seen. Instead, the FDA has suggested that a second contaminant may be responsible for the ill effects and that melamine, as the most easily identifiable contaminant, may serve as a biomarker, or indicator, for contaminated wheat gluten.Roebuck, Karen. "Chinese criticized in pet food probe", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, April 11 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
According to the FDA, "the association between melamine in the kidneys and urine of cats that died and melamine in the food they consumed is undeniable. Additionally, melamine is an ingredient that should not be in pet food at any level." However, Richard Goldstein of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine has stated that "There appears to be other things in there, other than melamine, but identifying what they are is a long process."
Melamine (green) and cyanuric acid(red) easily form hydrogen bonds (blue dotted lines) with each other
Researchers have focused on the role of melamine and related compounds in causing renal failure. Beginning on April 19, it was reported that researchers had ruled out aminopterin contamination and had found a "spoke-like crystal" in contaminated wheat gluten and rice protein concentrate and the tissues and urine of affected animals. (It was previously known that melamine and cyanuric acid can form networks of hydrogen bonds, creating a tile-like planar structure through molecular self-assembly.)E.E. Simanek, X. Li, I.S. Choi, G.M. Whitesides, "Cyanuric Acid and Melamine: A Platform for the Construction of Soluble Aggregates and Crystalline Materials", Comprehensive supramolecular chemistry, J.L. Atwood ed., New York:Pergamon, Vol.9, 495 (1996). The crystal has been said to serve as a biomarker for contamination and is approximately 30% melamine. The remainder has been identified as cyanuric acid, ammelide and ammeline, with crystals recovered from urine reported to be approximately 70% cyanuric acid. While some researchers have theorized that the three latter chemicals might have been formed as the animals metabolized the melamine, or as by-products of bacterial metabolism (cyanuric acid is a known intermediate byproduct of bacterial metabolism of melamine), their presence in the crystals found in contaminated protein itself, combined with media reports of widespread adulteration with both melamine and cyanuric acid in China, has focused research efforts on their combined effects in animals. Neither melamine nor cyanuric acid, a chemical commonly used in pool chlorination, have been thought to be particularly toxic by themselves. The current hypothesis is that, although these contaminants are not very toxic individually, their potency appears to be increased when they are present together. Roebuck, Karen. "Humans at risk from tainted pet food?", Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, April 20 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-20. Swaminathan, Nikhil. "Were Our Pets Deliberately Poisoned?", Scientific American, April 25 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. Gang Cheng, Nir Shapir, Michael J. Sadowsky and Lawrence P. Wackett, Allophanate Hydrolase, Not Urease, Functions in Bacterial Cyanuric Acid Metabolism, Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 August; 71(8): 4437–4445. doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.8.4437-4445.2005. [1]DCPAH Notices. Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health Michigan State University (May 1 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-04.Barboza, David. "Another Chemical Emerges in Pet Food Case", New York Times, May 9 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-09.
On April 27 researchers from the University of Guelph, in Ontario announced that they had created crystals chemically similar to the ones found in contaminated animals by combining melamine and cyanuric acid in the laboratory under pH conditions similar to that in animal kidneys.Patterson, Ashleigh. "Scientists track chemical reactions in pet food", CTV.ca, April 27 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Pet Food Recall. University of Guelph Laboratory Services (April 27 2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-28.
In light of these findings, on May 1, the American Veterinary Medical Association noted in a press release that the "extremely insoluble" crystals formed in animal kidneys are suspected of blocking kidney function.Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Interaction May Play Part in Illness and Death from Recalled Pet Food. American Veterinary Medical Association (May 1 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-04. On May 7, however, Barbara Powers, president of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians and a professor of veterinary diagnostics at Colorado State University cautioned "There\'s something more going on than just the mechanical blockage. Because you wouldn\'t see so much necrosis (cell death) and inflammation.”Weise, Elizabeth. "Poison pet food woes seem to hit cats harder", USA Today, May 7 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-08.
On May 2, in further inquiry into the source of the cyanuric acid in the contaminated ingredients and the toxic effects of the chemical combination, Richard Goldstein of the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, in response to reports that the contaminant might be "melamine scrap" left over from processing coal into melamine, hypothesized: “It’s possible the other stuff they were left with was the bottom-of-the-barrel stuff, leftover melamine and possibly cyanuric acid. I think it’s this melamine with other compounds that is toxic.”Barboza, David. "China Food Mislabeled, U.S. Says", New York Times, May 3 2007. Retrieved on 2007-05-03. The composition of the crystals analyzed in contaminated pet food ingredients is similar to the composition of a waste product produced in cyanuric acid production.SM Lahalih, M Absi-Halabi, "Recovery of solids from melamine waste effluents and their conversion to useful products", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.28, 500-504 (1989).
A toxicology study conducted after the recalls concluded that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in diet does lead to acute renal failure in cats.Puschner et al. (November 2007). Assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in cats. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. Retrieved on 2007-11-16.>Study Identifies Deadly Chemical Duo in Contaminated Pet Food. University of California Davis (November 13 2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Wilson Rumbeiha, an associate professor in MSU’s Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, commenting on results from a survey commissioned by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians and designed and implemented by MSU toxicologists which was also presented at the AAVLD\'s October 2007 meeting, said: "Unfortunately, these [melamine cyanurate] crystals don’t dissolve easily. They go away slowly, if at all, so there is the potential for chronic toxicity.”
Some pet owners have become concerned over the safety of all processed pet foods, and have chosen to forgo store-bought prepared pet foods in favor of preparing food from ingredients at home. The popularity of books on home preparation of pet foods has rocketed on Amazon.com. Some veterinarians have pointed out that animal diets are difficult to maintain in terms of nutritional appropriateness and safety, and are best served by store-bought preparations, an assertion disputed by some practitioners of home-made animal foods.Associated Press. "Food scare prompts pet owners to retreat to own kitchens", CNN, April 3 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
American and Chinese authorities investigated the source of the contamination linked to pet deaths, and Chinese authorities closed down Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company and Binzhou Futian Biology Technology Co. Ltd., the two compamies linked to the contaminated products.Gao, Ying. "China names and shames companies for exporting substandard food products", Xinhua, July 10 2007. Retrieved on 2007-12-02.
Many owners of pets stricken after consuming Menu Foods\' product have considered filing law suits against the company, but are encountering difficulties with the valuation of the deceased pets. While many pet owners consider their pets to be a "part of the family," lost pets have traditionally been treated as property, with the potential liability limited to the retail value of the animal. Some states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes. Other states have allowed suits for punitive damages and emotional distress suffered in the loss of a pet.
After word of the recall and reports of animal deaths began to spread, Menu Foods was served with several individual law suits over the deaths of affected pets. On March 20 after the death of her cat, a woman in Chicago, Illinois, sued Menu Foods for negligence in delaying the recall. [2] The same day, lawyers for a Knoxville, Tennessee woman filed suit in Federal Court against Menu Foods for $25 million and hoping to attain class action status, citing negligence in testing the food prior to distribution.Lakin, Matt. "Pet food recall prompts lawsuit - Local woman files federal claim for $25M after cat gets sick", Knoxville News Sentinel, March 21 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
As individual lawsuits were filed across the nation, an Ontario, Oregon family filed a class-action lawsuit against Menu Foods citing emotional damage and economical loss. The lawyers filing the federal law suit noted that Washington state, which has jurisdiction, had a history of favorable consumer protection precedents in prior pet-related lawsuits, but that finding a set value for the lost pets may be difficult.Martin, Jonathan. "When a pet dies of suspected food poisoning — what is its value?", Seattle Times, March 22 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. .
On March 23, Menu Foods said that they will reimburse pet owners who can trace their pets\' illnesses to the company\'s products.David Kerley, Dan Childs. "Pet Food Maker to Take Financial Responsibility for Pet Deaths From Poisoning - Investigators Trying to Determine Exactly Where the Rat Poison Came From", ABC News, March 23 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11. One estimate is that the cost to owners of treating sickened pets is between $2 million and $20 million. Wade McCormick, Lisa. "Menu Foods Executive Sold Shares Weeks Before Pet Food Recall", Consumer Affairs, April 11 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
By April 5, the March 20 Chicago lawsuit expanded to federal class-action status with over 200 plaintiffs seeking punitive damages for emotional distress. The plaintiffs have specifically accused Menu Foods of fraud, claiming the company may have known of a problem as early as December.Byron, Katy. "Officials say 38 Oregon pet deaths could be tied to recall", CNN, April 5 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
Menu Foods faces 90 class-action lawsuits as a result of the contamination.Network, Torstar. "Pet food maker\'s woes continue", The Mississauga News, June 13, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-13. U.S. District Cout Judge Hillman has ordered Menu Foods to have no contact with plaintiffs unless their attorneys are involved in the discussion after lawyers from six firms representing pet owners claimed that the company illegally attempted to contact their clients directly. Hillman has said that "It seems to me that Menu Foods is out to do whatever Menu Foods wants to do in a way that could adversely impact the rights" of the plaintiffs.Weise, Elizabeth. "Judge tells pet food reps to back off", USA Today, May 28, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-06-09.&nbs
